朗读老师:温满盈-医院放射科

翻译老师:赵医院审校老师:姜春医院

History:A51-year-oldmanwasfounddownandwithoutapulse.Herequired30minutesofadvancedcardiovascularlifesupport(ACLS)beforereturnofspontaneouscirculation(ROSC).Urinedrugscreen(UDS)waspositiveforopioids.

病史:一名51岁男子发现时昏倒,无脉搏。在恢复自主循环(ROSC)前进行了30分钟的高级生命支持(ACLS)。尿检显示阿片类药物阳性。

Findings

CT:Diffusecerebraledemawithbrainhypoattenuation,indistinctnessofthebasalgangliabilaterally,diffusesulcaleffacement,andhyperdenseappearanceofthesubarachnoidspacesrelativetoadjacentbrainparenchyma

MRI:NointracranialhemorrhageonGREsequence

CT:弥漫性脑水肿伴脑实质密度减低,双侧基底节区模糊,弥漫性脑沟消失,蛛网膜下腔相对于邻近脑实质呈高密度。

MRI:GRE序列示无颅内出血

Differentialdiagnosis

Subarachnoidhemorrhage

Toxicmetabolicinjury

Severemeningitis

Intrathecalcontrast

Venousthrombosis

Diagnosis:Pseudosubarachnoidhemorrhagesecondarytoglobalhypoxicinjuryfollowingcardiacarrest

鉴别诊断

蛛网膜下腔出血

中毒性代谢损伤

严重脑膜炎

造影剂鞘内注射

静脉血栓形成

诊断:心脏骤停后继发于全身缺氧性损伤的假性蛛网膜下腔出血

Pseudosubarachnoidhemorrhage

假性蛛网膜下腔出血

Pathophysiology

Anythingthatcausesdiffusecerebraledemawillcausethebrainparenchymatodecreaseinattenuation.Thiswillmaketheattenuationofthebasalcisternsappearincreasedgivingtheappearanceofhemorrhage.Causesofdiffusecerebraledemaincludeanoxicinjuryaftercardiacarrestandvenousthrombosis.Othercausesofincreasedcerebrospinalfluid(CSF)attenuationincludemeningitiswithblood-brainbarrierbreakdownandleakageofproteinintotheCSF,aswellasprioradministrationofintrathecalcontrast.

病理生理学

任何引起弥漫性脑水肿的因素都会导致脑实质密度减低。这将使基底池的密度相对增加,类似于出血表现。弥漫性脑水肿的原因包括心脏骤停后的缺氧性损伤和静脉血栓形成。脑脊液(CSF)密度增加的其他原因包括脑膜炎伴血脑屏障破坏和蛋白质渗漏到CSF中,以及先前造影剂鞘内注射。

Epidemiology

Smallcasereportssuggestupto8%ofpatientswithdiffusecerebraledemamayshowthissign,ofteninthesettingofanunwitnessedcardiacarrest.

流行病学

案例报道示多达8%的弥漫性脑水肿患者可能会出现这种征象,通常是在没有目击患者心脏骤停的情况下。

Clinicalpresentation

Mostpatientswillpresentwithalteredmentalstatusorareunresponsiveduetotheunderlyingseverediffusecerebraledema.

临床表现

由于存在严重弥漫性脑水肿,大多数患者会出现精神状态改变或反应迟钝。

Imagingfeatures

CT:Symmetricdensitywithinthebasalcisterns,whichisincreasedinattenuationbutnotdefinitiveforbloodinthesettingofdiffusecerebraledema

MR:Evidenceofedema;however,nobloomingartifactonGRE/susceptibility-weightedimaging(SWI)sequencesasthereisnohemorrhage

Treatment

影像特点

CT:在弥漫性脑水肿的情况下,基底池密度对称性增加,但不能确定为出血。

MR:显示为脑水肿;然而,由于无出血,GRE或SWI)序列上并没有晕状伪影。

Itisimportanttodifferentiatehemorrhagefrompseudohemorrhageastherapeutichypothermiaiscontraindictatedinthesettingofintracranialhemorrhage.Lumbarpunctureshouldbeusedfordefinitivediagnosis,especiallyinpatientsnotstableenoughtogetanMRI.Treatmentoftheunderlyingconditionisparamount.

治疗

区分出血与假性出血很重要,因为低温治疗在颅内出血的情况下是禁忌的。腰椎穿刺应用于明确诊断,尤其是对于病情不够稳定无法进行MRI的患者。治疗基础疾病最重要。

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